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Proliferation and differentiation of a cell
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For cellular life to thrive and progress, the cell must go through several processes to. Two of these important processes are proliferation and differentiation. The process of cellular replication and division is referred to as proliferation (Dlugasch & Story, 2019, pp. 12). During this activity, the cell goes through two stages interphase and mitosis. After cellular division occurs, the new cells mature into fulfilling a specific function, usually that of its parent cell (Dlugasch & Story, 2019, pp. 14). This process is known as differentiation. Size, shape, structure, cell type, and cell cycle all differentiate one cell from another. Cells with the same function make up tissue which makes up organs. Both proliferation and differentiation are regulated by the system to account for body needs. Regarding malignant cells, proliferation is altered, and differentiation is lost completely (Dlugasch & Story, 2019, pp. 22). These cells divide uncontrollably, and functionality is altered. For example, when a gene mutation to BRCA1, a tumor suppressor, occurs cells may begin to grow rapidly in undesired areas, such as the breast tissue ducts (Dlugasch & Story, 2019, pp. 384). As the malignancy proliferates, it begins to invade surrounding tissue, commonly being the lymphatic system. Once the malignant cell is attached in a new area, they require nutrients and oxygen to continue to proliferate. Thus, angiogenesis or the process of new blood vessel formation occurs. Additionally, when a malignant cell is found outside of the original location metastasis has occurred.Proliferation and differentiation of a cell .
There are several enzymes and hormones that assist in cancer prevention by suppressing proliferation. Three of these suppressing agents are telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), retinoblastoma gene, and TP53 (Trybek et al., 2020) (Dlugasch & Story, 2019, pp. 25). Mutation to the gene of these agents leads to increase proliferation and malignancy. The TP53 gene produces the p53 protein which regulates gene repair or cell destruction. With a mutation to this gene, damaged cells are allowed to proliferate and further mutation occurs leading to breast cancer.